The Tiger is said to be lucky vivid, lively and engaging. Another attribute of the Tiger is his incredible bravery, evidenced in his willingness to engage in battle or his undying courage. Maybe he’s so brave because he is so lucky. But the Chinese say a Tiger having a Tiger in the house is the very best protection against the evils of fire, burglary.
Years of the Tiger
Tiger Years are third in the cycle and recur every twelfth year. The Chinese New Year does not fall on a specific date, so it is essential to check the calendar to find the exact date on which each Tiger year actually begins.
THE SIGN OF THE TIGER
Tigers do not find worth in power or money. They will be completely honest about how they feel and expect the same of you. On the other hand, they seek approval from peers and family. Generally, because of their charming personalities Tigers are well liked. Often, failing at a given task or being unproductive in his personal or professional life can cause a Tiger to experience a depression. Criticism from loved ones can also generate this type of Tiger reaction. Still, like all felines, Tigers always land on their feet, ready for their next act in life, pursuing it with unyielding energy and hunting it infallibly.
Tigers are also incorrigibly competitive - they simply cannot pass up a challenge, especially when honor is at stake, or they are protecting those they love. Tigers are unpredictable and it would be unwise to underestimate their reactions. They may appear cool, but they have the Big Cat's instincts to pounce at a moment's warning. Natural leaders, they have a strong sense of their own dignity, and if they find
themselves in the ranks, they can be stubborn and obstinate. In positions of power they can be difficult though stimulating bosses. Tigers are intelligent, alert, and farsighted. They have their fingers on the pulse. Good strategists and tacticians, they often have a hidden agenda. As long as they do not risk their luck too often, and keep their restless nature under control, their tactics usually pay off in life.
TIGER FACTS:
People born in the year of the Tiger share certain characteristics. The Tiger sign is an abbreviated way of characterizing that individual’s personality. Following are features associated with the sign of the Tiger.
Third in order, Chinese name - HU, sign of courage
Hour--am-4:59am Month--February
Western counterpart—Aquarius
CHARACTERISTICS
Courage, Vehemence, Self-Reliance, Friendliness, Hopefulness, Resilience, Vanity, Disregard
IN YOUR ELEMENT
The characteristics of the Tiger are tempered by one of the five Chinese elements of Metal, Water, Wood, Fire and Earth overlaying a 5-year cycle of characteristics on the original 12-year cycle.
THE METAL TIGER 195O AND 2010
The Metal element gives the Tiger its sharpness in action and speed of thought. Tigers born in the Metal year like to stand out in a crowd. With an inspiring assertiveness and competitive demeanor, they determine their goals and then do anything necessary to achieve them. This good-looking character sometimes suffers from mood swings and temper tantrums. The Tiger can be known to jump to conclusions or to act too quickly without weighing the options or understanding the consequences. This is a flaw Tigers must learn to curb.
THE WATER TIGER 1902 AND 1962
The Water element gives the Tiger a soothing characteristic making this breed a bit more tranquil. Their ability to consider feelings and ideas from other people makes them quite sensible and understanding. They are also born with a great intuitive power, which gives them accurate and excellent judgement. The Tiger is a bit indecisive, a habit of nature born of his routine of watching and waiting before leaping. Sometimes too, Tigers get caught sleeping or daydreaming, prohibiting them from going for the goals they initially set out to accomplish.
THE WOOD TIGER 1914 AND 1974
The Wood Tiger is more adaptable to working with others and therefore does not demonstrate the typical "take charge" attitude of other Tigers. The Wood element adds stability, giving him warmth of character that draws people in and makes the Tiger a popular person. They are not selfish creatures and will give their time, attention or possessions to anyone in need. These Tigers bring a solid practicality to any problem. They can control their urges to completely take over, letting others do the work. They must be aware of their slightly volatile tempers and short attention spans, and not let those characteristics get the best of them or cause them or their loved ones undue pain.
THE FIRE TIGER 1926 AND 1986
Eccentric and dramatic, Fire Tigers are aglow with passion and verve. They are outgoing, expressive and look on the bright side of things. They have the Tiger’s natural ability to lead others and are able to excite others simply with their own gift of enthusiasm. They can be funny and have great senses of humor. Tigers are powerful speakers and have the ability to command and persuade crowds through speech. Their own seemingly endless supply of energy can make them appear a bit dramatic, and it may make them more sensitive to cautious or down-to-earth approaches in others.
THE EARTH TIGER 1938 AND 1998
Earth Tigers are realists and tend not to get caught up by their own enthusiasm and excitement. They have a stout and sincere sense of responsibility that other Tigers haven’t quite cultivated and are not so easily distracted. These Tigers take life a little easier and have the ability to focus for longer periods of time, which in turn brings them success through continued effort. Earth Tigers must be careful not to take life too seriously and must remember not to lose their senses of humor or to ignore the needs and feelings of others.
HEALTH AND HOME
HEALTH
Tigers tackle everything in their lives in brief bursts of energy, collapsing afterwards in a heap of exhaustion. Normally they are soon back to full strength, but their approach can cause their long-term health to suffer. They should take it a little easier and learn to pace themselves to keep active longer and to prevent early burnout. They are blessed with flexibility and recover quickly from illness or pain. They owe it to themselves to relax a little. Along with the fitness of their long-term health, Tigers must be aware of how they react to and are affected by the consequences of their tempers. A Tiger’s meanest enemy is the damage he can inflict upon himself in the midst of a temper tantrum.
AT HOME WITH THE TIGER
Tigers take pride in being different than others and generally illustrate their originality best in their homes. Tigers can utilize their atmosphere with color and light. A Tiger’s home will be filled with exotic treasures from trips past and will include items such as Tibetan prayer mats or African carvings, confirming their desire to travel to distant places.
CAREER AND FINANCE
THE TIGER ON THE JOB
A quickness and an alert intelligence make Tigers fast learners. Tigers need a challenge. Add this to them being easily bored and it explains why Tigers tend to change careers more often than other Chinese Animals. Some Tigers don’t change their occupations frequently enough and thus tend to juggle jobs all at the same time. Most Tigers are natural born leaders who perform best knowing they are working towards positions of power and influence.
MONEY AND THE TIGER
Tigers depend on luck. They like to spend money, and also to share it. They can be quite impulsive spenders because they know they can always make more. Somehow, as luck would have it, they discover the end of the rainbow just before complete bankruptcy. They are willing to lose a fortune in their lifetime, if it means they will wind up with two.
TIGER CAREERS
Those born in the Year of the Tiger share the same kinds of goals and objectives in life. The occupations best suited for the Tiger are listed below:
TIGERS MAKE EXCELLENT:
Actors
Comedians
Chauffeurs
Musicians
Race Car Drivers
Pilots
Artists
Writers
Flight Attendants
Travel Agents
Advertising Agents
Office Managers
CONGENIAL BUSINESS PARTNERS
Whether Tigers are compatible with their business partners depends on whether their signs are harmonious or antagonistic to those of their business partners. Considering the congruity of their own characters and the characters of their business partners can also be very useful.
Tigers ruled by Benefit From Are Antagonistic to
Metal Earth Dogs Fire Oxen
Water Metal Pigs Earth Snakes
Wood Water Tigers Metal Roosters
Fire Wood Horses Water Rats
Earth Fire Dragons Wood Monkeys
Leisurely activities and pleasures
LIKES AND DISLIKES
Since Tigers are born under the same Animal Sign, they often share likes and dislikes. Following are similar likes and dislikes of the Tiger personality.
Tigers like:
Color Preference: Mid-green
Gems and Stones: Ruby, Diamond, Cat’s Eye
Suitable Gifts: Exotic cookbooks, travel guides, sports gear, mystery or crime novel, extreme sport lessons
Hobbies and Pastimes: Amateur theater, extreme sports, loud parties, intriguing vacations
Tigers Dislike: Not getting enough recognition for their efforts. Being inferior to others at work, impolite people
THE TIGER ON VACATION
Tigers like to live on the edge, to travel long distances conquering thrills and fears along the way. Never the homebody, Tigers prefer activity and excitement to relaxing days by the ocean reading a good book. They leave on a whim and return when they are ready to plan their next vacation. Action-filled getaways are sure to get a Tiger away for a long time!
FRIENDS AND ENEMIES
Tigers, born under the third Animal sign of the Chinese Zodiac, have the ability to lift the spirits of even the most depressed or lonesome individual they meet. Because of that attitude, Tigers have no problem making new friends. Actually, a Tiger person without a friend is quite miserable and sad. Like the Dragon, the Monkey, and the Rat, Tigers are most comfortable surrounded by friends and family.
As friends, Tigers are exceptionally warm and incredibly generous with their time, attention and money. Friends are always welcome in a Tiger’s home and will most often be greeted with a cup of coffee, an ear, a tissue, an open mind and an open wallet. Few friends could be as caring and affectionate, as quirky and surprising, or as genuinely interested as the Tiger.
Compatible Friends
Best Friends: Horses and Dogs
Mortal Enemy: Monkeys
TIGER PARENTS AND BABIES
Tiger parents are quite similar to the characters of their wildlife counterparts. They will walk through fire to protect their children or to defend them to others. As warm and affectionate as they are, they can become fierce and defensive when their kids are at stake. They lavish their offspring with treats and spoil them with generosity. Tiger parents can be fun as kittens, playing family games and getting great enjoyment from it. On the whole, they enjoy their children's company, having a good laugh and sharing a funny joke. Still, adult Tigers will become enraged if one of their children has gone too far, or is disrespectful. As open-minded and liberal as they are, they will not, under any circumstances, tolerate bad manners, or a lack of respect for other adults.
They take their role as parents very seriously, and they believe in the value of a good education. When their kids are small, Tigers like to tell them tales and read them stories. They like to talk about their childhood experiences, and use their stories to instill moral lessons or any ethical feelings. Tigers are decidedly convinced to make themselves the very best role models for their children that they can be.
TIGER INFANT AND CHILD
Tiger babies and children are cheerful children with a zest and passion for life that ignites their curious nature. Boys will and girls alike will enjoy the competitiveness and athleticism sports require. From an early age, Tiger children can’t pass on a dare or a challenge. Intelligent and friendly, Tiger children carry a curiosity about life and their environment. In class, they are apt to enjoy and do better at subjects that give them the ability and creative freedom to express themselves.
TIGER PARENT/CHILD KINSHIPS
Some parents immediately click with their children and others find they will never have a close relationship, no matter how hard they try to make it happen. Following are the compatibility ratings between Tiger parents and their children.
Tigers with Under the same roof Compatibility Rating
Rat put time into it for maximum effect **
Ox difficult *
Tiger look at life the same way ***
Rabbit smooth sailing ***
Dragon principled parenting ****
Snake going different directions *
Horse similar outlook ****
Sheep loving relationship **
Monkey pretty divided *
Rooster separate ideas *
Dog strong bonds and deep friendship ****
Pig to get the good you’ll survive the bad ***
*uphill struggle **some complications ***easy bonding ****on the same wavelength
LOVERS AND SPOUSES
THE TIGER LOVER
Tigers are incredibly sexy people, beautiful to most people and sensually romantic. They are spontaneous lovers who never lose their creative spark or flare for an evening of passion. They offer their partner a hint of danger and exhibit a curiosity for the unknown.
MARRIAGE
Once a Tiger has committed himself to you, he can tend to want to dominate or lead you. This is a natural nurturing mechanism and must be kept under close watch to avoid complete control. For the negative effects a Tiger can have on
his partner, there are a zillion positive things he will bring to the relationship. Trust, passion, politeness and spontaneity are only a few characteristics of the Tiger mate.
THE TIGER LOVE PARTNER
Tigers love excitement and need someone who can keep up with all they want to do and see. His partner must also be able to stand the mood swings, the ups and downs, the good with the bad. Chinese horoscopes are very specific about which partnerships have the potential to be successful in love and in business. Yet, though destiny can point us ion the right direction, we must still make all efforts to maintain loving relationships. Following is a brief description of how a Tiger will affect a relationship with other Animal signs.
PARTNERS IN LOVE
Tiger*Rat
Lots of friendship, but many temper tantrums will blur the good times.
Tiger*Ox
This is one of the worst possible pairings…that’s probably why you are so drawn to each other.
Tiger*Tiger
You are both so dominant and creative you are bound to ignite each other’s curiosity.
Tiger*Rabbit
This is another good match.
Tiger*Dragon
A brave combination plenty of fire to keep you interested.
Tiger*Snake
You are on completely different paths that aren’t worth crossing.
Tiger*Horse
You are destined for an exciting life together.
Tiger*Sheep
Not enough openness to try to keep it together.
Tiger*Monkey
You’ll aggravate each other to death!
Tiger*Rooster
Little communication causes big issues.
Tiger*Dog
You are a winning combination…admiration and respect fuel this partnership.
Tiger*Pig
Humor and friendship make this partnership a success!
Love Partners at a Glance
Tigers with Tips on Togetherness Compatibility
Rat value each other’s opinions **
Ox striking tantrums *
Tiger to much mind changing **
Rabbit differences are similar ***
Dragon a great partnership ***
Snake don’t go for it *
Horse good match ****
Sheep marriage won’t work **
Monkey pretty frustrating *
Rooster make a decision or leave **
Dog stable and affectionate ****
Pig humor keeps you together ****
COMPATIBILITY RATINGS:
*dispute **keep working at it ***intense sexual attraction ****angelic
EAST MEETS WEST
ARIES TIGER
Volatile and active, these people are whirlwinds who must enjoy open spaces and a lot of activity. Feeling pinned down to one decision or one destination is an Aries Tiger’s worst nightmare. These people are generous and brave as well as deeply passionate people.
LIBRAN TIGER
These Tigers play fair and value justice in their everyday lives. They are known to flail in their own personal decision-making efforts.
TAUREAN TIGER
More down-to-earth than other Tigers, these people are practical and will finish tasks they start. They work well under pressure and can maintain their workloads through amazing efforts. They are passionate in their partnerships and provide stability to their loved ones.
SCORPIO TIGER
This is the most intense Tiger of them all. Scorpio Tigers are deeply emotional and sensitive people, extremely focused on the task at hand. They are strong-willed and motivated and don’t like contradiction.
GEMINI TIGER
These people like to move about freely. They yearn to see new places and to meet new people in their travels. They are quirky, funny, intelligent and lively and are more comfortable being the life of the party than being a guest there.
SAGITTARIAN TIGER
These Tigers have a great appetite for life and thrust themselves into everyday of their lives. They are mostly extroverts who enjoy being out and about in strange places. They also like to be spontaneous and often jump to conclusions before weighing the consequences.
CANCERIAN TIGER
The Cancerian Tiger is a romantic individual who is sensitive and tenderhearted. This character needs a loving, honest relationship to thrive.
CAPRICORN TIGER
These people work long, hard hours to achieve the level of success they believe they are destined for. Their career will always be the most important thing in their lives, with love and relationships following a close second and third.
LEONINE TIGER
This Tiger expects the respect he believes he deserves. He works hard for his status and position and commands a certain presence when he enters a room.
AQUARIAN TIGER
These Tigers ignore the rules and regulations of society and choose instead to focus on matters of the heart. They tend to forget about the emotions involved in these matters, which causes them to seem harder and less sensitive.
VIRGO TIGER
These Tigers can be pretty picky when it comes to choosing a partner. They have an eye for detail that can cause them to be a little neurotic at times.
PISCEAN TIGER
Quite sensitive and kind, these Tigers are a bit more reserved than most. They are patient and loving and often supress the fiery passions that can accompany the Tiger personality. Once they decide they want a partner, they will stop at nothing to get him or her.
Monday, November 30, 2009
Monday, November 16, 2009
Overview: Supercharger vs. Turbocharger
By Brian Ferrari
Jul 19, 2004, 17:00
The intention with this article is to shed some light on the theories behind turbocharging the modern engine, and the wonderful advantages it gives us in both speed and basic engine design issues. This post is also to try and give people a better understanding of supercharger systems and how they work to make such a simple thing as an engine even simpler (speaking in terms of tuning). I personally am tired of seeing people bicker over the differences between the two basic designs, and would like everyone to note the vast similarities among them instead. So without further delay... I will start with this simple statement:
"It makes no sense to build a naturally aspirated engine if what you are looking for is good power output."
To understand why this is so obviously true, we need to break the concept of an engine down into its simplest parts. There are 4 main parts to an engine that concern airflow:
-the induction system
-the cylinder head(s)
-the exhaust system
-the camshaft(s)
Now if you think of the engine in terms of airflow and forget about fuel for a minute, it becomes a very simple matter really. What we want to do is best flow air through the cylinder head, from the induction system to the exhaust system and then out into the world again. This is best & most naturally accomplished by pressure variation, because as almost anyone with a high school education knows, air naturally flows from areas of higher concentration (pressure) to lower concentration (pressure). Now let's assume for a minute that we are talking about an engine at or near sea level, well we can just forgo the exact physics of things and say that at both the induction system's inlet & the exhaust's outlet we have equal pressure (just under 15psi absolute pressure). So in order to flow air into this system we must always be working a balancing act between the three fundamental sections of the engine, which are exposed to each other only through the camshaft's orchestration of the valves. So forget everything else you know about engines and start thinking of what's under your hood in this way for the rest of this post :).
NA ENGINES (naturally aspirated)
These must work within a maximum pressure variation of 0psi (which is really hard to create without massive pumping losses) and 14.7psi (maximum atmospheric pressure @ sea level). To add to the basic problem of how to flow air into and out-of this system, both ends of the system start out at the same pressure, meaning air doesn't naturally want to go IN or OUT. This can be accurately termed as a “pain in the ass”. Now engineers and enthusiasts alike have long been fascinated with how to make power from this setup, but I am talking specifically about supercharged engines here, and as I already stated "It makes no sense to build a naturally aspirated engine if what you are looking for is good power output." So forget about how you can best accomplish this through piston movement and it's effects on cylinder pressures, and understand that it's just a whole lot easier to get an engine to work if it's supercharged.
FI ENGINES (forced induction)
From a pure engine design standpoint, it makes MUCH more sense to pressurize the intake system than to run NA. When only the intake system is running under pressure well above atmospheric, it becomes perfectly obvious that air is going to want to flow through the engine exactly the way we want it to, and both cam timing & exhaust sizing becomes much less important to getting the system to work right (as it was before in NA setup). The air will naturally want to flow into the cylinder head, and then after the very strong power stroke (thanks to all that air) it will naturally want to flow out into the lower pressure exhaust system afterwards. Everything in the engine will be working at pressure above atmospheric and the pressure differences will be greatest in the induction system, so all air will want to exit out the tail pipe quickly and efficiently. One other thing should be said here: turbos technically ARE superchargers. A supercharger is ANY device that pressurizes the intake to above atmospheric pressure, and turbos do this exactly like superchargers do. The only difference is in how a turbo gets the energy necessary to perform it's job, and also that the turbo contributes to supercharging the exhaust system (or more accurately a portion of it, the exhaust manifold).
THE CASE FOR SUPERCHARGING
Since a crank driven s/c (s/c = supercharger) is what people are normally talking about when they use the term supercharger, I will no longer say "crank driven" to make the distinction between it and a turbo. Now using a supercharger makes a ton of sense simply because it only has a direct effect in pressurizing the engine on the side we want it to, the induction side. Since pressures will always be higher here than in any other part of the system (except of course during the engine's power stroke, but that's always sealed off from the rest of the system so we can forget about that complexity), it's very easy to make this combination a powerful one. NA engines often use large amounts of valve overlap to get the whole system to work properly at higher RPM, which has obvious drawbacks in that it's possible for the intake system and exhaust systems to interact in a negative way (since they operate at similar pressures). It's sometimes just as easy to get air flowing backwards through the system as it is to go forwards in an NA setup, which is one reason camshaft choice is so important to where in the RPM band best power will be produced. And here is where the beauty of supercharging is; neither valve overlap amounts nor perfect exhaust system designs are completely essential to keep everything flowing in the right direction. No matter how long the exhaust is exposed to the intake system through valve overlap, air should NEVER pass backwards through the system unless the supercharger stops working.
THE EVIL OF SUPERCHARGING
The evil of supercharging is that some of the power we finally get from combusting the air/fuel mixture must go back into powering the supercharger. So here we have designed this whole system that works so well, yet we have to power it with some of our hard earned torque. This is not a good thing, but then again nothing so simple is ever going to come for free. Do superchargers work? Of course they do, which is why many racing engine uses the technology unless the rules prohibit it. The net result is more total power from the system, but a portion of this power must be sapped from our output to make it all work.
THE CASE FOR TURBOCHARGING
This section is easy to write, because it's exactly the same thing as the supercharger portion. We have all of the same advantages, except for one major benefit. That benefit is that turbocharging runs off what is largely wasted energy, so that damn drawback of needing to power the system with some of our hard earned torque is removed. In this way, a turbocharger addresses the one main drawback to using a supercharger, but as you will see in a second the supercharger addresses the one main drawback of turbocharging.
THE EVIL OF TURBOCHARGING
Hopefully you now understand why it makes so much sense to forgo designing engines for NA use and just supercharge the sucker instead, at least when we are talking about how to best make power. And if you have been following what I have said, you will also understand the bad effect turbos have on our little perfect world of pressure variation.
A turbo is an ingenious little design that harnesses the wasted kinetic energy we dump out through the exhaust system to actually force more air into the engine. This is good for the same reasons that supercharging is good, but it has one major drawback: it of course increases the pressure within a portion of the exhaust system. While turbocharging a motor increases the amount of air that can be flowed into it, it has a negative effect on how easily we can flow it back out again. This weakens our positive pressure difference between these two fundamental sides of the engine, and causes both cam timing & exhaust system design to again become extremely important to making good power. This is most certainly not a good thing, but can a turbo overcome this drawback with the other inherent good it possesses? It certainly seems so, because in most current forms of racing where the rules don’t probihit the use of tubos or slap restrictions on their use, the turbo reigns supreme in terms of engine power output.
Now I didn't post this to make a statement about which system will work better for your intended use, because the answer is (as usual) "it depends". Sorry, but if there was such a clear cut answer do you really think people would still be debating this topic? A long time ago someone would have proven everyone else wrong, and either turbos or superchargers would no longer exist. Remember, these systems were designed and in use on production vehicles long before most of us were born, so it's not like this is a new debate. The purpose here is to educate people on exactly why we would want to supercharge or turbocharge an engine in the first place. Also I wanted people to see, from a basic and theoretical perspective, how each system is different in its function and it's relative pros & cons. Hopefully this discussion of basic theory helped some of you come to a better understanding of FI engines, and that my leaving out any real world examples actually made it easier to understand. I have written an article concerning the technical differences of the common systems, giving examples of different supercharger designs and their advantages/disadvantages. You can read it HERE. And please, any questions or comments, post ‘em here.
By Brian Ferrari
Jul 19, 2004, 17:00
The intention with this article is to shed some light on the theories behind turbocharging the modern engine, and the wonderful advantages it gives us in both speed and basic engine design issues. This post is also to try and give people a better understanding of supercharger systems and how they work to make such a simple thing as an engine even simpler (speaking in terms of tuning). I personally am tired of seeing people bicker over the differences between the two basic designs, and would like everyone to note the vast similarities among them instead. So without further delay... I will start with this simple statement:
"It makes no sense to build a naturally aspirated engine if what you are looking for is good power output."
To understand why this is so obviously true, we need to break the concept of an engine down into its simplest parts. There are 4 main parts to an engine that concern airflow:
-the induction system
-the cylinder head(s)
-the exhaust system
-the camshaft(s)
Now if you think of the engine in terms of airflow and forget about fuel for a minute, it becomes a very simple matter really. What we want to do is best flow air through the cylinder head, from the induction system to the exhaust system and then out into the world again. This is best & most naturally accomplished by pressure variation, because as almost anyone with a high school education knows, air naturally flows from areas of higher concentration (pressure) to lower concentration (pressure). Now let's assume for a minute that we are talking about an engine at or near sea level, well we can just forgo the exact physics of things and say that at both the induction system's inlet & the exhaust's outlet we have equal pressure (just under 15psi absolute pressure). So in order to flow air into this system we must always be working a balancing act between the three fundamental sections of the engine, which are exposed to each other only through the camshaft's orchestration of the valves. So forget everything else you know about engines and start thinking of what's under your hood in this way for the rest of this post :).
NA ENGINES (naturally aspirated)
These must work within a maximum pressure variation of 0psi (which is really hard to create without massive pumping losses) and 14.7psi (maximum atmospheric pressure @ sea level). To add to the basic problem of how to flow air into and out-of this system, both ends of the system start out at the same pressure, meaning air doesn't naturally want to go IN or OUT. This can be accurately termed as a “pain in the ass”. Now engineers and enthusiasts alike have long been fascinated with how to make power from this setup, but I am talking specifically about supercharged engines here, and as I already stated "It makes no sense to build a naturally aspirated engine if what you are looking for is good power output." So forget about how you can best accomplish this through piston movement and it's effects on cylinder pressures, and understand that it's just a whole lot easier to get an engine to work if it's supercharged.
FI ENGINES (forced induction)
From a pure engine design standpoint, it makes MUCH more sense to pressurize the intake system than to run NA. When only the intake system is running under pressure well above atmospheric, it becomes perfectly obvious that air is going to want to flow through the engine exactly the way we want it to, and both cam timing & exhaust sizing becomes much less important to getting the system to work right (as it was before in NA setup). The air will naturally want to flow into the cylinder head, and then after the very strong power stroke (thanks to all that air) it will naturally want to flow out into the lower pressure exhaust system afterwards. Everything in the engine will be working at pressure above atmospheric and the pressure differences will be greatest in the induction system, so all air will want to exit out the tail pipe quickly and efficiently. One other thing should be said here: turbos technically ARE superchargers. A supercharger is ANY device that pressurizes the intake to above atmospheric pressure, and turbos do this exactly like superchargers do. The only difference is in how a turbo gets the energy necessary to perform it's job, and also that the turbo contributes to supercharging the exhaust system (or more accurately a portion of it, the exhaust manifold).
THE CASE FOR SUPERCHARGING
Since a crank driven s/c (s/c = supercharger) is what people are normally talking about when they use the term supercharger, I will no longer say "crank driven" to make the distinction between it and a turbo. Now using a supercharger makes a ton of sense simply because it only has a direct effect in pressurizing the engine on the side we want it to, the induction side. Since pressures will always be higher here than in any other part of the system (except of course during the engine's power stroke, but that's always sealed off from the rest of the system so we can forget about that complexity), it's very easy to make this combination a powerful one. NA engines often use large amounts of valve overlap to get the whole system to work properly at higher RPM, which has obvious drawbacks in that it's possible for the intake system and exhaust systems to interact in a negative way (since they operate at similar pressures). It's sometimes just as easy to get air flowing backwards through the system as it is to go forwards in an NA setup, which is one reason camshaft choice is so important to where in the RPM band best power will be produced. And here is where the beauty of supercharging is; neither valve overlap amounts nor perfect exhaust system designs are completely essential to keep everything flowing in the right direction. No matter how long the exhaust is exposed to the intake system through valve overlap, air should NEVER pass backwards through the system unless the supercharger stops working.
THE EVIL OF SUPERCHARGING
The evil of supercharging is that some of the power we finally get from combusting the air/fuel mixture must go back into powering the supercharger. So here we have designed this whole system that works so well, yet we have to power it with some of our hard earned torque. This is not a good thing, but then again nothing so simple is ever going to come for free. Do superchargers work? Of course they do, which is why many racing engine uses the technology unless the rules prohibit it. The net result is more total power from the system, but a portion of this power must be sapped from our output to make it all work.
THE CASE FOR TURBOCHARGING
This section is easy to write, because it's exactly the same thing as the supercharger portion. We have all of the same advantages, except for one major benefit. That benefit is that turbocharging runs off what is largely wasted energy, so that damn drawback of needing to power the system with some of our hard earned torque is removed. In this way, a turbocharger addresses the one main drawback to using a supercharger, but as you will see in a second the supercharger addresses the one main drawback of turbocharging.
THE EVIL OF TURBOCHARGING
Hopefully you now understand why it makes so much sense to forgo designing engines for NA use and just supercharge the sucker instead, at least when we are talking about how to best make power. And if you have been following what I have said, you will also understand the bad effect turbos have on our little perfect world of pressure variation.
A turbo is an ingenious little design that harnesses the wasted kinetic energy we dump out through the exhaust system to actually force more air into the engine. This is good for the same reasons that supercharging is good, but it has one major drawback: it of course increases the pressure within a portion of the exhaust system. While turbocharging a motor increases the amount of air that can be flowed into it, it has a negative effect on how easily we can flow it back out again. This weakens our positive pressure difference between these two fundamental sides of the engine, and causes both cam timing & exhaust system design to again become extremely important to making good power. This is most certainly not a good thing, but can a turbo overcome this drawback with the other inherent good it possesses? It certainly seems so, because in most current forms of racing where the rules don’t probihit the use of tubos or slap restrictions on their use, the turbo reigns supreme in terms of engine power output.
Now I didn't post this to make a statement about which system will work better for your intended use, because the answer is (as usual) "it depends". Sorry, but if there was such a clear cut answer do you really think people would still be debating this topic? A long time ago someone would have proven everyone else wrong, and either turbos or superchargers would no longer exist. Remember, these systems were designed and in use on production vehicles long before most of us were born, so it's not like this is a new debate. The purpose here is to educate people on exactly why we would want to supercharge or turbocharge an engine in the first place. Also I wanted people to see, from a basic and theoretical perspective, how each system is different in its function and it's relative pros & cons. Hopefully this discussion of basic theory helped some of you come to a better understanding of FI engines, and that my leaving out any real world examples actually made it easier to understand. I have written an article concerning the technical differences of the common systems, giving examples of different supercharger designs and their advantages/disadvantages. You can read it HERE. And please, any questions or comments, post ‘em here.
Saturday, October 31, 2009
Thursday, October 29, 2009
From the very first time I blessed my eyes on you, girl,
My heart says follow through.
But I know, now, that I'm way down on your line,
But the waiting feel is fine:
So don't treat me like a puppet on a string,
'Cause I know I have to do my thing.
Don't talk to me as if you think I'm dumb;
I wanna know when you're gonna come.
See, I don't wanna wait in vain for your love;
I don't wanna wait in vain for your love;
I don't wanna wait in vain for your love,
'Cause it's summer is here,
I'm still waiting there;
Winter is here,
And I'm still waiting there.
Like I said:
It's been three years since I'm knockin' on your door,
And I still can knock some more:
Ooh girl, ooh girl, is it feasible?
I wanna know now, for I to knock some more.
Ya see, in life I know there's lots of grief,
But your love is my relief:
Tears in my eyes burn - tears in my eyes burn
While I'm waiting - while I'm waiting for my turn,
See, I don't wanna wait in vain for your love;
I don't wanna wait in vain for your love;
Wednesday, October 28, 2009
NIRJARA
The word Nirjara is made up of "Nir" and "Jara". Nir is prefix while
Jara means to fall off. Hence, in the Jain philosophy Nirjara means
falling off, destruction, or removal of karmas from the soul. In the
discussion of asrav and samvar, we gave the illustration of boating.
Let us again go over that example which also explains how nirjara
works. Let us pretend, as if you went boating. You were having a good
time and suddenly noticed the water rising on the floor of boat. You
immediately felt that the boat had a hole and if leak was not sealed
the boat would sink. So, the first thing you did was to find a hole
and then seal it so that new water would stop coming in. Then, you
started pouring out the collected water so that the boat would be dry
again. This removal of water is called a nirjara. Karmas are
accumulating in the soul through asrava. These karmas cover the
attributes of your soul, and the removal or destruction of these karmas
is called Nirjara.
The more effective the nirjara, the faster the attributes of the soul
will shine. Once all the karmas are shed, the soul will go to salvation
and then, it will be able to exhibit all its attributes in a full
capacity. In fact, as we are constantly accumulating and stopping
karmas, we are also to some extent shedding karmas too. In respect to
quantitative shedding, nirjara is grouped into two kinds:
1) Desh (limited) Nirjara, and
2) Sarva (total) Nirjara.
In Desh Nirjara there is limited shedding of karmas, this is experienced
by all while suffering from adversity or performing austerities, or
prayers etc. This shedding is done during all the stages of
gunasthanaks.
Sarva Nirjara is the total shedding of karmas and occurs right before
the soul is liberated. Whenever the soul becomes a Kevali, it has shed
off all ghati karmas forever, but still has to shed aghati karmas. The
rest of the aghati karmas are shed off forever right before the soul is
liberated and achieves salvation. These souls are called Siddhas.
When karmas mature they give rise to their results and once these
results are experienced completely the karmas are considered shed off.
Nirjara can also be divided into two kinds by the process of shedding
karmas. They are:
1) Akam Nirjara,
2) Sakam Nirjara.
When karmas mature automatically at their due time they cause suffering
accordingly. Thus, we have no control on the timing of such suffering
and we have not put any special effort or shown special desire or
intention to suffer on our side. Once the supposed suffering is over
then those karmas which caused this suffering are considered shed off.
This natural process of maturity and shed off the karmas is called Akam
Nirjara. Example: When someone suffers from hunger not voluntarily or
willingly but due to unavailability of the food then those karmas which
caused these suffering will be shed off passively.
On the other side when karmas are brought to maturity ahead off their
due time by special efforts voluntarily or willingly to give their
results then those karmas will be shed off sooner then expected. Thus,
we have a control on to this process and this active process to shed
off the karmas prematurely is called Sakam Nirjara. Example: When we
perform fasting (not eating) voluntarily and willingly even though the
food was in abundance then we brought out suffering actively ahead of
the time which in turn will shed off the karmas prematurely.
Therefore in akam nirjara, conditions for shedding off karmas are ripe,
and karmas exhaust themselves after producing their results. When
karmas lose their bondage in this way, it is called swathaha,
self-destruction. In sakam nirjara, the destruction of karmas
occurring ahead of their natural time by special efforts, by means of
tapas (austerity), is called Upayanirjara, initiated destruction.
Our life is a live drama consisting of accumulating karmas and shedding
of karmas. This drama never stops until we reach salvation. Depending
upon what kind and with what intensity we commit sinful activities
(pap), nirjara may be easier or harder. In order to simulate the
process of nirjara, different examples are given to show how hard it
would be to remove dust or a stain from an article of clothing.
1) The easiest one is compared with how easily dust which becomes
stuck to dry clothes can be removed.
2) It becomes a bit harder to remove the dust if the dust is stuck to
clothes which are wet.
3) It becomes still harder to remove the dust if the dust is stuck to
clothes which are oily.
4) It would be ever more harder to remove a stain from the clothes of
those who work at a gas station.
5) It would be almost impossible to remove a stain when it is from
coal-tar.
6) There are times when you can not remove a stain and just have to
through the cloth away.
>From these examples, you can imagine how simple a process or how
complicated a process nirjara can be. In some instances, one would have
no choice but to bear the results of one's karmas. This last kind of
karmas are called nikachit karmas. At this time, it would be wise to
remind us that nirjara is done most effectively by humans only, because
other destinies have their own limitations. But for humans, the
limitations are set by humans only.
The special efforts to destroy karma is done through Tapas or
austerities. Austerity means restraint, which is done willingly by
giving away some of the bodily comforts to discipline our mind from
passions and pleasures. Austerities are performed at various occasions
and in various different ways. All austerities have their own
uniqueness. Austerities may be performed at two levels:
1) Physical manner or
2) Psychic manner.
In the physical manner the person performs the austerity, but does not
have the inner desires to change his or her life and therefore, it is
just a physical act. While in the psychic austerity the person controls
his or her inner desires along with performing a physical act. Unless
the austerities are performed in psychic manner, they do not produce
the much needed results. After all, the whole purpose of austerities is
not just to simply make the body suffer, but to change our desires.
Once that happens the person will be on the path to spiritual uplift.
Austerity is part of right conduct.
Austerities are categorized into two groups:
1) External, and
2) Internal.
1) External (Bahyantar): External austerities are noticed by others
because they have a greater component of physical than psychic manner.
2) Internal (Abhyantar): Internal austerities are not noticed by
others because they have a greater component of psychic than physical
manner.
Each of these two austerities are further divided in six types:
1) External (Bahyantar)
a) Fasting Completely (Anasan),
b) Partial Fasting (Unodari),
c) Limiting the number of items of food (Vruti Sankshep),
d) Limiting desired tasty food (Ras parityag),
e) Bodily Endurance (Kayakalesh),
f) Controlling of the Senses (Pratisanlinata).
2) Internal (Abhyantar)
a) Atonement (Prayaschit),
b) Politeness (Vinay),
c) Serving others (Vaiyavachch),
d) Giving away (Vyutsarg),
e) Spiritual study (Sajzaya),
f) Meditation (Dhyan).
1) External Austerity
a) Fasting Completely (Anasan):
Anasan means fasting, renouncing food and water, etc., for a day, for
many days or throughout one's life. One day of total fasting is called
upavas. Fasting completely until death is done when life is close to an
end. Such fasting is considered very auspicious and is called Physical
Anasan.
Bhav Anasan refers to the total control of our inner desires for a short
or a long time. If this austerity is cultivated then only will we be
able to strive for spiritual uplift.
b) Partial Fasting (Unodari):
Unodari means eating less than what one�s hunger is. The Jain dharma
prescribes thirty-two handfuls of food per day and in order to perform
this austerity, one may eat a few handfuls less than the prescribed
amount.
Bhav Unodari means to limit our desires to some extent. It may be more
difficult to do this than to control them totally, but once this starts
then we will limit our desires for things in our daily life.
c) Limiting the number of items of the food (Vruti Sankshep)
In Vruti Sankshep, we put a limit on the number of items we may eat
during a single sitting or throughout the day.
Bhav Vruti Sankshep means to limit our desires for some part of a day or
a whole day. This austerity will help us to control our desires so that
our mind will keep from wandering.
d) Limiting desired tasty food (Ras Parityag)
Ras Parityag means to renounce tasty foods which one likes very much. It
can be done partially or in total for short time or prolonged period of
time.
Bhav Ras Parityag is more difficult to perform than the other
austerities because in this we limit our most desired thoughts. An
austerity of this nature will help us to control our passions even in
the most tempting situations.
e) Bodily Endurance (Kayakalesh)
Kayakalesh means to stand or sit in a particular posture for a long
period of time. This austerity may cause pain, but one should ignore
the pain.
In Bhav Kayakalesh one stands firm in controlling passions even if
temptations are great.
f) Controlling of Senses (Pratisanlinata)
In Pratisanlinata one controls all types of senses in order to prevent
pleasant and unpleasant temptations. In order to perform this austerity
one may stay in isolation for one or more nights.
In Bhav Pratisanlinata one controls oneself from lying, telling the
distorted truth, or from participating in sensual activities. Thus this
austerity helps to control passions like anger, pride, deception, and
greed.
2) INTERNAL TAP
a) Atonement (Prayaschit)
In Prayaschit, one asks for forgiveness for the various errors of
commission and omission, the faults and sins committed knowingly or
unknowingly. This austerity may be performed in the presence of a monk
or nun or can be done alone. Prayaschit helps us to reflect upon
ourselves in a way that leads to self correction. Even for a small
fault we begin to say " Michchami Dukkadam."
b) Humility (Vinay)
One must cultivate humbleness towards everyone. This austerity leads to
tolerance and sympathy towards others and helps us to overcome ego and
anger.
There are four types of Vinay:
i) Jnan Vinay - One should be humble and respectful to those who are
superior in knowledge and wisdom.
ii) Darshan Vinay - One should be humble and respectful to those who
have
acquired the true insight of religious principles.
iii) Charitra Vinay - One should be humble and respectful to those who
have good morals and follow religious principles.
iv) Mana Vinay - One should pay respect and be humble to all saints who
help
others in their spiritual uplift.
c) Serving others (Vaiyavachch)
Vaiyavachch means serving religious teachers, ascetics, virtuous people,
sadhus, colleagues, and companions with devotion. One should especially
render services to the sick and weak. Though this austerity seems to be
external activity it makes a person humble and serves the purpose of
overcoming ego and hatred.
d) Giving away (Vyutsarg)
In Vyutsarg, not only one gives away sinful physical activities but also
gives away sixteen different inner passions.
e) Spiritual study (Svadhyay)
Svadhyay means to study scriptures or can also mean to understand the
self. Through study we try to answer the questions: who am I? Who
should I be? Through Svadhyay we realize that a soul is a pure thing.
This will lead us to contemplate on the question: what am I doing in
this body? Thus, study will lead you to be a pure soul. This study is
divided into five levels:
i) When one starts reading the scriptures it is called Vachana.
ii) While reading some doubts may arise and trying to resolve them is
called Prachana.
iii) After understanding what is right and contemplating on it is called
Anupreksha.
iv) After realizing what is right, one should contemplate on it again
and again so one can stay in focus. This repetition is called Amnaya.
v) After learning what self is one should teach others the same. This
is known as Dharmopadesh.
All five of above are external svadhyay, but they will lead us to do
internal svadhyay about the self. Thus, one will acquire right
perception and right knowledge which will lead to right conduct and
will open up the path to ultimate liberation.
f) Meditation (Dhyan)
Dhyan means concentration of thought. This concentration could arise
from intense passions like attachment, lust, or animosity or from the
search for the truth and from absolute detachment towards worldly
affairs.
Dhyan is divided into four categories:
i) Arta dhyan,
ii) Roudra dhyan,
iii) Dharma dhyan,
iv) Shukla dhyan.
In arta dhyan a person reflects on the i) loss of dear ones (Ishta
Viyog), ii) development of a new relationship with an undesirable or
unpleasant person (Anishta Samyog), iii) physical illness (Roga chinta)
and iv) future planning (Agrasocha or Nidanartha).
In roudra dhyan one is absorbed in taking total revenge for some damage
or loss caused by others. There are four types: i) Hisanubahndhi, ii)
Mrishanubadhi, iii) Steynubandhi, and iv) Samrakshanubandhi.
Both arta and roudra dhyan lead to accumulation of bad karmas and
therefore art and roudra dhyan should be avoided.
Dharma dhyan means reflecting on the ways and means towards realization
of self.
Shukla dhyan means reflecting on the purity of the soul.
Dharma dhyan and shukla dhyan lead to the removal of karmas. Therefore,
for the purpose of nirjara we shall contemplate on dharma dhyan and
shukla dhyan. If contemplation on dharma dhyan is at the highest level
then we can completely destroy Mohniya karma and within 48 minutes of
the destruction of Mohaniya Karma, Jnanavarniya, Darshanavarniya and
Antar�y Karmas are also destroyed and one becomes a Kevali.
Other Austerities (Tapasyas)
There are some other common external austerities. They are:
1) Navkarsi: One must take food and water forty minutes after
sunrise. Even the brushing of one�s teeth and rinsing of once mouth
must be done after sunrise.
2) Porsi: Taking food and water three hours after sunrise.
3) Sadh-porsi: Taking food and water four hours and thirty minutes
after
sunrise.
4) Purimuddh: Taking food and water six hours after sunrise.
5) Avadhdh: Taking food and water eight hours after sunrise.
6) Biyasan: Taking food twice a day sitting in one place.
7) Ekasan: Taking food only once sitting.
8) Ayambil: Taking food only once in one sitting. The food should not
have any taste and spices and should be boiled or cooked. Also, one
shall not take milk, curds, ghee, oil, and green or raw vegetables.
9) Upavas: One must not take any food for twenty four hours starting
from sunrise to sunrise the next day.
a) Tivihar upavas: One may drink only boiled water during upavas.
b) Chauvihar upavas: One does not even drink water during upavas.
10) Tivihar: After sunset no food or juice shall be taken, but one may
take only water until sunrise the next day.
11) Chauvihar: After sunset no food or water is taken until sunrise the
next day.
12) Attham: Upavas for three consecutive days.
13) Atthai: Upavas for eight consecutive days.
14) Masakshaman: Consecutive upavas for one month.
15) Navapad oli: During every year for 9 days starting from the 6/7th
day in the bright fortnight until the full moon day in Ashwin and
Chaitra months, one does Ayambil. This is repeated for the next four
and half years. These ayambils can also be restricted to only one kind
of food grain per day.
16) Other austerities are: varshitap, Vardhaman, and visasthanak tap,
etc.
In Ekasan, Biyasan, Ayambil, or upavas one drinks boiled water only and
that too only between sunrise and sunset. It is better if one can do a
chauvihar or tivihar day before starting these austerities. If any of
the austerities allow food, one shall not take raw vegetables,
underground roots, and raw grains while performing such austerities.
The word Nirjara is made up of "Nir" and "Jara". Nir is prefix while
Jara means to fall off. Hence, in the Jain philosophy Nirjara means
falling off, destruction, or removal of karmas from the soul. In the
discussion of asrav and samvar, we gave the illustration of boating.
Let us again go over that example which also explains how nirjara
works. Let us pretend, as if you went boating. You were having a good
time and suddenly noticed the water rising on the floor of boat. You
immediately felt that the boat had a hole and if leak was not sealed
the boat would sink. So, the first thing you did was to find a hole
and then seal it so that new water would stop coming in. Then, you
started pouring out the collected water so that the boat would be dry
again. This removal of water is called a nirjara. Karmas are
accumulating in the soul through asrava. These karmas cover the
attributes of your soul, and the removal or destruction of these karmas
is called Nirjara.
The more effective the nirjara, the faster the attributes of the soul
will shine. Once all the karmas are shed, the soul will go to salvation
and then, it will be able to exhibit all its attributes in a full
capacity. In fact, as we are constantly accumulating and stopping
karmas, we are also to some extent shedding karmas too. In respect to
quantitative shedding, nirjara is grouped into two kinds:
1) Desh (limited) Nirjara, and
2) Sarva (total) Nirjara.
In Desh Nirjara there is limited shedding of karmas, this is experienced
by all while suffering from adversity or performing austerities, or
prayers etc. This shedding is done during all the stages of
gunasthanaks.
Sarva Nirjara is the total shedding of karmas and occurs right before
the soul is liberated. Whenever the soul becomes a Kevali, it has shed
off all ghati karmas forever, but still has to shed aghati karmas. The
rest of the aghati karmas are shed off forever right before the soul is
liberated and achieves salvation. These souls are called Siddhas.
When karmas mature they give rise to their results and once these
results are experienced completely the karmas are considered shed off.
Nirjara can also be divided into two kinds by the process of shedding
karmas. They are:
1) Akam Nirjara,
2) Sakam Nirjara.
When karmas mature automatically at their due time they cause suffering
accordingly. Thus, we have no control on the timing of such suffering
and we have not put any special effort or shown special desire or
intention to suffer on our side. Once the supposed suffering is over
then those karmas which caused this suffering are considered shed off.
This natural process of maturity and shed off the karmas is called Akam
Nirjara. Example: When someone suffers from hunger not voluntarily or
willingly but due to unavailability of the food then those karmas which
caused these suffering will be shed off passively.
On the other side when karmas are brought to maturity ahead off their
due time by special efforts voluntarily or willingly to give their
results then those karmas will be shed off sooner then expected. Thus,
we have a control on to this process and this active process to shed
off the karmas prematurely is called Sakam Nirjara. Example: When we
perform fasting (not eating) voluntarily and willingly even though the
food was in abundance then we brought out suffering actively ahead of
the time which in turn will shed off the karmas prematurely.
Therefore in akam nirjara, conditions for shedding off karmas are ripe,
and karmas exhaust themselves after producing their results. When
karmas lose their bondage in this way, it is called swathaha,
self-destruction. In sakam nirjara, the destruction of karmas
occurring ahead of their natural time by special efforts, by means of
tapas (austerity), is called Upayanirjara, initiated destruction.
Our life is a live drama consisting of accumulating karmas and shedding
of karmas. This drama never stops until we reach salvation. Depending
upon what kind and with what intensity we commit sinful activities
(pap), nirjara may be easier or harder. In order to simulate the
process of nirjara, different examples are given to show how hard it
would be to remove dust or a stain from an article of clothing.
1) The easiest one is compared with how easily dust which becomes
stuck to dry clothes can be removed.
2) It becomes a bit harder to remove the dust if the dust is stuck to
clothes which are wet.
3) It becomes still harder to remove the dust if the dust is stuck to
clothes which are oily.
4) It would be ever more harder to remove a stain from the clothes of
those who work at a gas station.
5) It would be almost impossible to remove a stain when it is from
coal-tar.
6) There are times when you can not remove a stain and just have to
through the cloth away.
>From these examples, you can imagine how simple a process or how
complicated a process nirjara can be. In some instances, one would have
no choice but to bear the results of one's karmas. This last kind of
karmas are called nikachit karmas. At this time, it would be wise to
remind us that nirjara is done most effectively by humans only, because
other destinies have their own limitations. But for humans, the
limitations are set by humans only.
The special efforts to destroy karma is done through Tapas or
austerities. Austerity means restraint, which is done willingly by
giving away some of the bodily comforts to discipline our mind from
passions and pleasures. Austerities are performed at various occasions
and in various different ways. All austerities have their own
uniqueness. Austerities may be performed at two levels:
1) Physical manner or
2) Psychic manner.
In the physical manner the person performs the austerity, but does not
have the inner desires to change his or her life and therefore, it is
just a physical act. While in the psychic austerity the person controls
his or her inner desires along with performing a physical act. Unless
the austerities are performed in psychic manner, they do not produce
the much needed results. After all, the whole purpose of austerities is
not just to simply make the body suffer, but to change our desires.
Once that happens the person will be on the path to spiritual uplift.
Austerity is part of right conduct.
Austerities are categorized into two groups:
1) External, and
2) Internal.
1) External (Bahyantar): External austerities are noticed by others
because they have a greater component of physical than psychic manner.
2) Internal (Abhyantar): Internal austerities are not noticed by
others because they have a greater component of psychic than physical
manner.
Each of these two austerities are further divided in six types:
1) External (Bahyantar)
a) Fasting Completely (Anasan),
b) Partial Fasting (Unodari),
c) Limiting the number of items of food (Vruti Sankshep),
d) Limiting desired tasty food (Ras parityag),
e) Bodily Endurance (Kayakalesh),
f) Controlling of the Senses (Pratisanlinata).
2) Internal (Abhyantar)
a) Atonement (Prayaschit),
b) Politeness (Vinay),
c) Serving others (Vaiyavachch),
d) Giving away (Vyutsarg),
e) Spiritual study (Sajzaya),
f) Meditation (Dhyan).
1) External Austerity
a) Fasting Completely (Anasan):
Anasan means fasting, renouncing food and water, etc., for a day, for
many days or throughout one's life. One day of total fasting is called
upavas. Fasting completely until death is done when life is close to an
end. Such fasting is considered very auspicious and is called Physical
Anasan.
Bhav Anasan refers to the total control of our inner desires for a short
or a long time. If this austerity is cultivated then only will we be
able to strive for spiritual uplift.
b) Partial Fasting (Unodari):
Unodari means eating less than what one�s hunger is. The Jain dharma
prescribes thirty-two handfuls of food per day and in order to perform
this austerity, one may eat a few handfuls less than the prescribed
amount.
Bhav Unodari means to limit our desires to some extent. It may be more
difficult to do this than to control them totally, but once this starts
then we will limit our desires for things in our daily life.
c) Limiting the number of items of the food (Vruti Sankshep)
In Vruti Sankshep, we put a limit on the number of items we may eat
during a single sitting or throughout the day.
Bhav Vruti Sankshep means to limit our desires for some part of a day or
a whole day. This austerity will help us to control our desires so that
our mind will keep from wandering.
d) Limiting desired tasty food (Ras Parityag)
Ras Parityag means to renounce tasty foods which one likes very much. It
can be done partially or in total for short time or prolonged period of
time.
Bhav Ras Parityag is more difficult to perform than the other
austerities because in this we limit our most desired thoughts. An
austerity of this nature will help us to control our passions even in
the most tempting situations.
e) Bodily Endurance (Kayakalesh)
Kayakalesh means to stand or sit in a particular posture for a long
period of time. This austerity may cause pain, but one should ignore
the pain.
In Bhav Kayakalesh one stands firm in controlling passions even if
temptations are great.
f) Controlling of Senses (Pratisanlinata)
In Pratisanlinata one controls all types of senses in order to prevent
pleasant and unpleasant temptations. In order to perform this austerity
one may stay in isolation for one or more nights.
In Bhav Pratisanlinata one controls oneself from lying, telling the
distorted truth, or from participating in sensual activities. Thus this
austerity helps to control passions like anger, pride, deception, and
greed.
2) INTERNAL TAP
a) Atonement (Prayaschit)
In Prayaschit, one asks for forgiveness for the various errors of
commission and omission, the faults and sins committed knowingly or
unknowingly. This austerity may be performed in the presence of a monk
or nun or can be done alone. Prayaschit helps us to reflect upon
ourselves in a way that leads to self correction. Even for a small
fault we begin to say " Michchami Dukkadam."
b) Humility (Vinay)
One must cultivate humbleness towards everyone. This austerity leads to
tolerance and sympathy towards others and helps us to overcome ego and
anger.
There are four types of Vinay:
i) Jnan Vinay - One should be humble and respectful to those who are
superior in knowledge and wisdom.
ii) Darshan Vinay - One should be humble and respectful to those who
have
acquired the true insight of religious principles.
iii) Charitra Vinay - One should be humble and respectful to those who
have good morals and follow religious principles.
iv) Mana Vinay - One should pay respect and be humble to all saints who
help
others in their spiritual uplift.
c) Serving others (Vaiyavachch)
Vaiyavachch means serving religious teachers, ascetics, virtuous people,
sadhus, colleagues, and companions with devotion. One should especially
render services to the sick and weak. Though this austerity seems to be
external activity it makes a person humble and serves the purpose of
overcoming ego and hatred.
d) Giving away (Vyutsarg)
In Vyutsarg, not only one gives away sinful physical activities but also
gives away sixteen different inner passions.
e) Spiritual study (Svadhyay)
Svadhyay means to study scriptures or can also mean to understand the
self. Through study we try to answer the questions: who am I? Who
should I be? Through Svadhyay we realize that a soul is a pure thing.
This will lead us to contemplate on the question: what am I doing in
this body? Thus, study will lead you to be a pure soul. This study is
divided into five levels:
i) When one starts reading the scriptures it is called Vachana.
ii) While reading some doubts may arise and trying to resolve them is
called Prachana.
iii) After understanding what is right and contemplating on it is called
Anupreksha.
iv) After realizing what is right, one should contemplate on it again
and again so one can stay in focus. This repetition is called Amnaya.
v) After learning what self is one should teach others the same. This
is known as Dharmopadesh.
All five of above are external svadhyay, but they will lead us to do
internal svadhyay about the self. Thus, one will acquire right
perception and right knowledge which will lead to right conduct and
will open up the path to ultimate liberation.
f) Meditation (Dhyan)
Dhyan means concentration of thought. This concentration could arise
from intense passions like attachment, lust, or animosity or from the
search for the truth and from absolute detachment towards worldly
affairs.
Dhyan is divided into four categories:
i) Arta dhyan,
ii) Roudra dhyan,
iii) Dharma dhyan,
iv) Shukla dhyan.
In arta dhyan a person reflects on the i) loss of dear ones (Ishta
Viyog), ii) development of a new relationship with an undesirable or
unpleasant person (Anishta Samyog), iii) physical illness (Roga chinta)
and iv) future planning (Agrasocha or Nidanartha).
In roudra dhyan one is absorbed in taking total revenge for some damage
or loss caused by others. There are four types: i) Hisanubahndhi, ii)
Mrishanubadhi, iii) Steynubandhi, and iv) Samrakshanubandhi.
Both arta and roudra dhyan lead to accumulation of bad karmas and
therefore art and roudra dhyan should be avoided.
Dharma dhyan means reflecting on the ways and means towards realization
of self.
Shukla dhyan means reflecting on the purity of the soul.
Dharma dhyan and shukla dhyan lead to the removal of karmas. Therefore,
for the purpose of nirjara we shall contemplate on dharma dhyan and
shukla dhyan. If contemplation on dharma dhyan is at the highest level
then we can completely destroy Mohniya karma and within 48 minutes of
the destruction of Mohaniya Karma, Jnanavarniya, Darshanavarniya and
Antar�y Karmas are also destroyed and one becomes a Kevali.
Other Austerities (Tapasyas)
There are some other common external austerities. They are:
1) Navkarsi: One must take food and water forty minutes after
sunrise. Even the brushing of one�s teeth and rinsing of once mouth
must be done after sunrise.
2) Porsi: Taking food and water three hours after sunrise.
3) Sadh-porsi: Taking food and water four hours and thirty minutes
after
sunrise.
4) Purimuddh: Taking food and water six hours after sunrise.
5) Avadhdh: Taking food and water eight hours after sunrise.
6) Biyasan: Taking food twice a day sitting in one place.
7) Ekasan: Taking food only once sitting.
8) Ayambil: Taking food only once in one sitting. The food should not
have any taste and spices and should be boiled or cooked. Also, one
shall not take milk, curds, ghee, oil, and green or raw vegetables.
9) Upavas: One must not take any food for twenty four hours starting
from sunrise to sunrise the next day.
a) Tivihar upavas: One may drink only boiled water during upavas.
b) Chauvihar upavas: One does not even drink water during upavas.
10) Tivihar: After sunset no food or juice shall be taken, but one may
take only water until sunrise the next day.
11) Chauvihar: After sunset no food or water is taken until sunrise the
next day.
12) Attham: Upavas for three consecutive days.
13) Atthai: Upavas for eight consecutive days.
14) Masakshaman: Consecutive upavas for one month.
15) Navapad oli: During every year for 9 days starting from the 6/7th
day in the bright fortnight until the full moon day in Ashwin and
Chaitra months, one does Ayambil. This is repeated for the next four
and half years. These ayambils can also be restricted to only one kind
of food grain per day.
16) Other austerities are: varshitap, Vardhaman, and visasthanak tap,
etc.
In Ekasan, Biyasan, Ayambil, or upavas one drinks boiled water only and
that too only between sunrise and sunset. It is better if one can do a
chauvihar or tivihar day before starting these austerities. If any of
the austerities allow food, one shall not take raw vegetables,
underground roots, and raw grains while performing such austerities.
Monday, October 12, 2009
Sunday, October 04, 2009
Monday, September 28, 2009
you confused tumb of nauseating dog meat
You pitiful apology for defective walrus blubber.
On we go…
You pitiful crock of dehydrated monkey zits.
You dismal lump of fossilised hog swill.
You demented sack of second-hand cow pies.
You insignificant box of nauseating stomach acid.
You atrocious crock of musty swamp mud.
You retarded ball of dusky dirty underwear.
You shameless eruption of fermenting kangaroo vomit.
Thou churlish, elf-skinned rudesby.
Thou roguish, pale-hearted waterfly.
Thou vain, rude-growing hedge-pig.
You pitiful apology for defective walrus blubber.
On we go…
You pitiful crock of dehydrated monkey zits.
You dismal lump of fossilised hog swill.
You demented sack of second-hand cow pies.
You insignificant box of nauseating stomach acid.
You atrocious crock of musty swamp mud.
You retarded ball of dusky dirty underwear.
You shameless eruption of fermenting kangaroo vomit.
Thou churlish, elf-skinned rudesby.
Thou roguish, pale-hearted waterfly.
Thou vain, rude-growing hedge-pig.
Saturday, September 26, 2009
this is the list of things that are bullshit:
1. wars overseas that dont mean DICK to the average US citizen
2. government cares more about special interest groups than its fucking citizens that pay all the fucking taxes.
3. war on drugs that wastes billions and billions of dollars that utimately doesnt accomplish DONKEY DICK!
4. everybody is fucking fat
5. everybody is fucking stupid
6. the media is full of horseshit. instead of presenting actual news stories without bias and presenting facts, we get this partisan horseshit and facsination with fucking dipshit celebrities that i couldnt give a fuck if they all were hit by a fucking bus right now.
7. these fucking dipshit morons that spew out words like "socialist" "nazi" "communist" "liberal" "conservative" "neocon" etc etc fucking etc, that get their info from the fucking television and couldnt point to a fucking country on a map if it meant the firing squad.
8. healtcare is bullshit. we have made the health industry a for-profit industry, which basically mean fuck everyone over we can and make as much money off the poor bastards as we can. if we spent half the money we spent on these bullshit wars and this bullshit nation building neo-conservative horseshit strategy we have adopted in this last century, we would pay for healthcare for every citizen many times over.
what the fuck happened to this country? we have lost our way. this could be the greatest country in the world, as it once was, but instead somewere along the line a significant few decided that making money and fucking everyone over was more important than basic human kindness. and THAT is FUCKING BULLSHIT.
remember, they want us to fight and be divided. united we stand, divided we fall. whatever.
if you disagree, at this point i dont give a rat's tits (or something like that)
1. wars overseas that dont mean DICK to the average US citizen
2. government cares more about special interest groups than its fucking citizens that pay all the fucking taxes.
3. war on drugs that wastes billions and billions of dollars that utimately doesnt accomplish DONKEY DICK!
4. everybody is fucking fat
5. everybody is fucking stupid
6. the media is full of horseshit. instead of presenting actual news stories without bias and presenting facts, we get this partisan horseshit and facsination with fucking dipshit celebrities that i couldnt give a fuck if they all were hit by a fucking bus right now.
7. these fucking dipshit morons that spew out words like "socialist" "nazi" "communist" "liberal" "conservative" "neocon" etc etc fucking etc, that get their info from the fucking television and couldnt point to a fucking country on a map if it meant the firing squad.
8. healtcare is bullshit. we have made the health industry a for-profit industry, which basically mean fuck everyone over we can and make as much money off the poor bastards as we can. if we spent half the money we spent on these bullshit wars and this bullshit nation building neo-conservative horseshit strategy we have adopted in this last century, we would pay for healthcare for every citizen many times over.
what the fuck happened to this country? we have lost our way. this could be the greatest country in the world, as it once was, but instead somewere along the line a significant few decided that making money and fucking everyone over was more important than basic human kindness. and THAT is FUCKING BULLSHIT.
remember, they want us to fight and be divided. united we stand, divided we fall. whatever.
if you disagree, at this point i dont give a rat's tits (or something like that)
Monday, September 21, 2009
I know you've suffered,
But I don't want you to hide,
It's cold and loveless,
I won't let you be denied
Soothing,
I'll make you feel pure,
Trust me,
You can be sure
I want to reconcile the violence in your heart
I want to recognize your beauty's not just a mask,
I want to exorcise the demons from your past,
I want to satisfy the undisclosed desires in your heart
You trick your lovers,
That you're wicked and divine,
You may be a sinner,
But your innocence is mine
Please me,
Show me how it's done,
Tease me,
You are the one
I want to reconcile the violence in your heart,
I want to recognize your beauty's not just a mask,
I want to exorcise the demons from your past,
I want to satisfy the undisclosed desires in your heart
Please me,
Show me how it's done,
Trust me,
You are the one
I want to reconcile the violence in your heart,
I want to recognize your beauty's not just a mask,
I want to exorcise the demons from your past,
I want to satisfy the undisclosed desires in your heart
Friday, September 18, 2009
Kingofsorrow2: Hikaru's Revenge
He's a prince of lassitude
a king of sorrow
as he sits on his throne
and looks out at tomorrow
He reigns over the kingdom
of the land of the dead
but he still hears the voice
of Hikaru in his head
As he sees her from a Distance
across the Deep River
It's Ultra Blue
and leaves him with a shiver
Can you keep a secret?
We will wait and see
I'm a prisoner of love
yearning to break free
It's the flavour of love
the flavour of life
It's a beautiful world
as I kiss and cry
She was my first love
but now she is dying
in the colours of passion
keep trying...
And I never fail to be overwhelmed
by my fascination
So meet me across the Ultra Blue Deep River
and be my last
at Heart Station.
He's a prince of lassitude
a king of sorrow
as he sits on his throne
and looks out at tomorrow
He reigns over the kingdom
of the land of the dead
but he still hears the voice
of Hikaru in his head
As he sees her from a Distance
across the Deep River
It's Ultra Blue
and leaves him with a shiver
Can you keep a secret?
We will wait and see
I'm a prisoner of love
yearning to break free
It's the flavour of love
the flavour of life
It's a beautiful world
as I kiss and cry
She was my first love
but now she is dying
in the colours of passion
keep trying...
And I never fail to be overwhelmed
by my fascination
So meet me across the Ultra Blue Deep River
and be my last
at Heart Station.
Wednesday, September 02, 2009
I look around at the ignorant masses. smiling, laughing, joking. talking of their shallow music and movies. one look at them tells me they've never questioned their existence.
pretending to enjoy their alcohol and pot-smoking fuelled weekends. damaging their bodies, dieing younger. all the while unaware of how pointless their mindless existence is.
probably think they're going to "heaven". infact i find it hard to believe they actually think consciously. sometimes i wonder if they're free of anxiety at all times, on auto pilot. i thought the existential dread was engrained in the human psyche... but in these fools, im not so sure. I can't cope knowing all these morons don't know how pointless their fleeting existence is.
ah, to be a simple man. i wish to break free of this terrible existential struggle. my heart wearies. my will grows weaker by the day. Is it possible to escape this, in a world of morons?
pretending to enjoy their alcohol and pot-smoking fuelled weekends. damaging their bodies, dieing younger. all the while unaware of how pointless their mindless existence is.
probably think they're going to "heaven". infact i find it hard to believe they actually think consciously. sometimes i wonder if they're free of anxiety at all times, on auto pilot. i thought the existential dread was engrained in the human psyche... but in these fools, im not so sure. I can't cope knowing all these morons don't know how pointless their fleeting existence is.
ah, to be a simple man. i wish to break free of this terrible existential struggle. my heart wearies. my will grows weaker by the day. Is it possible to escape this, in a world of morons?
Monday, August 17, 2009
Sunday, August 16, 2009
top 51 oxymorons
51. Friendly Weapons
50. Act naturally
49. Found missing
48. Resident alien
47. Advanced BASIC
46. Genuine imitation
45. Airline Food
44. Good grief
43. Same difference
42. Almost exactly
41. Government organization
40. Sanitary landfill
39. Alone together
38. Legally drunk
37. Silent scream
36. British fashion
35. Living dead
34. Small crowd
33. Business ethics
32. Soft rock
31. Butt Head
30. Military Intelligence
29. Software documentation
28. New York culture
27. New classic
26. Sweet sorrow
25. Childproof
24. "Now, then ..."
23. Synthetic natural gas
22. Christian Scientists
21. Passive aggression
20. Taped live
19. Clearly misunderstood
18. Peace force
17. Extinct Life
16. Temporary tax increase
15. Computer jock
14. Plastic glasses
13. Terribly pleased
12. Computer security
11. Political science
10. Tight slacks
9. Definite maybe
8. Pretty ugly
7. Twelve-ounce pound cake
6. Diet ice cream
5. Rap music
4. Working vacation
3. Exact estimate
2. Religious tolerance
And the Number One top OXYMORON:
1. Microsoft Works
NEWLY ADDED
jumbo shrimp
51. Friendly Weapons
50. Act naturally
49. Found missing
48. Resident alien
47. Advanced BASIC
46. Genuine imitation
45. Airline Food
44. Good grief
43. Same difference
42. Almost exactly
41. Government organization
40. Sanitary landfill
39. Alone together
38. Legally drunk
37. Silent scream
36. British fashion
35. Living dead
34. Small crowd
33. Business ethics
32. Soft rock
31. Butt Head
30. Military Intelligence
29. Software documentation
28. New York culture
27. New classic
26. Sweet sorrow
25. Childproof
24. "Now, then ..."
23. Synthetic natural gas
22. Christian Scientists
21. Passive aggression
20. Taped live
19. Clearly misunderstood
18. Peace force
17. Extinct Life
16. Temporary tax increase
15. Computer jock
14. Plastic glasses
13. Terribly pleased
12. Computer security
11. Political science
10. Tight slacks
9. Definite maybe
8. Pretty ugly
7. Twelve-ounce pound cake
6. Diet ice cream
5. Rap music
4. Working vacation
3. Exact estimate
2. Religious tolerance
And the Number One top OXYMORON:
1. Microsoft Works
NEWLY ADDED
jumbo shrimp
Thursday, August 13, 2009
Sunday, August 09, 2009
Friday, August 07, 2009
Interesting?
A lesson learned in economics......
A college economics professor just failed an entire class...
That class had insisted that Obama's socialism worked and that no one would be poor and no one would be rich, a great equalizer.
The professor then said, "OK, we will have an experiment in this class on Obama's plan."
All grades would be averaged and everyone would receive the same grade so no one would fail and no one would receive an A.
After the first test, the grades were averaged and everyone got a B.
The students who studied hard were upset and the students who studied little were happy.
As the second test rolled around, the students who studied little had studied even less and the ones who studied hard decided they wanted a free ride too so they studied little. The second test average was a D! No one was happy.
When the third test rolled a round, the average was an F. The scores never increased. Bickering, blame and name-calling all resulted in hard feelings and no one would study for the benefit of anyone else.
All failed, to their great surprise, and the professor told them that socialism would also ultimately fail because when the reward is great, the effort to succeed is great but when government takes all the reward away, no one will try or want to succeed. Could not be any simpler than that.
A lesson learned in economics......
A college economics professor just failed an entire class...
That class had insisted that Obama's socialism worked and that no one would be poor and no one would be rich, a great equalizer.
The professor then said, "OK, we will have an experiment in this class on Obama's plan."
All grades would be averaged and everyone would receive the same grade so no one would fail and no one would receive an A.
After the first test, the grades were averaged and everyone got a B.
The students who studied hard were upset and the students who studied little were happy.
As the second test rolled around, the students who studied little had studied even less and the ones who studied hard decided they wanted a free ride too so they studied little. The second test average was a D! No one was happy.
When the third test rolled a round, the average was an F. The scores never increased. Bickering, blame and name-calling all resulted in hard feelings and no one would study for the benefit of anyone else.
All failed, to their great surprise, and the professor told them that socialism would also ultimately fail because when the reward is great, the effort to succeed is great but when government takes all the reward away, no one will try or want to succeed. Could not be any simpler than that.
Monday, August 03, 2009
Saturday, August 01, 2009
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